Where does “kekerasan” come from?

kekerasan (Indonesian) comes from Indonesian keras, from Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas — hard.

kekerasan (Indonesian): hardness

Definitions

  1. hardness

Ancestry of “kekerasan”, step by step

kekerasan traces back through two separate lines of ancestry.

via Indonesian keras

StepLanguageWordMeaning
1Indonesiankerasrigid; firm; stiff; hard; Difficult to cut or...
2Malaykerashard, stiff; rigid, inflexible; obstinate
3Classical Malaykeras—
4Proto-Malayo-Polynesian*kəʀashard

via Dutch geweld

StepLanguageWordMeaning
1Dutchgeweldviolence; strong or violent force; ferocity
2Middle Dutchgewelt—
3Old Dutchgiwaltpower
Every word from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas →Every word from Classical Malay keras →Every word from Malay keras →