Where does “ed-” come from?

ed- (Middle English) comes from Old English ed-, from Old Irish id-, from Proto-Germanic idi-, from Proto-Indo-European éti, from Proto-Indo-European h₁é, from Proto-Indo-European ǵʰe — Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact.

Ancestry of “ed-”, step by step

StepLanguageWordMeaning
1Old Englished-anew, again; against, backwards; turning
2Old Irishid-him; it
3Proto-Germanicidi-again, anew; back, against
4Proto-Indo-Europeanétibeyond; over
5Proto-Indo-Europeanh₁éand, then
6Proto-Indo-EuropeanǵʰePostpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact

Words derived from “ed-”

Every word from Proto-Indo-European ǵʰe →Every word from Proto-Indo-European h₁é →Every word from Proto-Indo-European éti →