| 1 | English | ah | An expression of relief, relaxation, comfort,... |
| 2 | Chinese | 阿 | — |
| 3 | English | aren’t | — |
| 4 | English | -n’t | — |
| 5 | English | Not | — |
| 6 | Middle English | not | not; nothing, nought; nobody, no person |
| 7 | Middle English | nought | nothing, none; not; iniquitous, wicked |
| 8 | Old English | nōwiht | — |
| 9 | Old English | ne | not; or, and not; "ne... ne..." is used to mean "... |
| 10 | Old English | ealles | completely, wholly, entirely; totally,... |
| 11 | Old English | -es | possessive marker, indicating that an object... |
| 12 | Proto-Germanic | -as | — |
| 13 | Proto-Indo-European | -ēs | Primarily forms adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds |
| 14 | Proto-Indo-European | -ess | — |