Where does “-es” come from?

-es (Old Dutch) comes from Proto-Germanic -as, from Proto-Indo-European -ēs, from Proto-Indo-European -ess, from Proto-Indo-European -os — Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs;...

Ancestry of “-es”, step by step

StepLanguageWordMeaning
1Proto-Germanic-asused in formation of adverbs
2Proto-Indo-European-ēsPrimarily forms adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds
3Proto-Indo-European-ess—
4Proto-Indo-European-osCreates action nouns or result nouns from verbs;...

Words derived from “-es”

Every word from Proto-Indo-European -os →Every word from Proto-Indo-European -ēs →Every word from Proto-Germanic -as →