Where does “duşman” come from?
duşman (Turkmen) comes from Persian دشمن, from Middle Persian dwšmn', from Proto-Iranian dušmánah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian dušmánas, from Proto-Indo-European dusmenḗs, from Proto-Indo-European dus-, from Proto-Indo-European dēwǝ- — to fail, be behind, be lacking.
duşman (Turkmen): foe, enemy
Ancestry of “duşman”, step by step
| Step | Language | Word | Meaning |
|---|
| 1 | Persian | دشمن | enemy |
| 2 | Middle Persian | dwšmn' | — |
| 3 | Proto-Iranian | dušmánah | ill-dispositioned, hostile; enemy |
| 4 | Proto-Indo-Iranian | dušmánas | ill-dispositioned; perverse-minded;... |
| 5 | Proto-Indo-European | dusmenḗs | ill-disposed |
| 6 | Proto-Indo-European | dus- | bad |
| 7 | Proto-Indo-European | dēwǝ- | to fail, be behind, be lacking |